Photoacoustic microscopy for evaluating a lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation model in mice

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a noninvasive imaging technique and is excellent to study structural and functional changes in the microcirculation. In this work, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammation model in mice is noninvasively evaluated by PAM. PAM is used to image the microvascular structural changes in mice for 8 hours after the LPS with different concentrations is applied. Quantitative analysis of five vessel parameters is conducted, which shows that the rate of reduction in microvasculature is highly dependent on the applied LPS concentrations. For low‐concentration LPS, changes in the microvasculature are not obvious over the observation period, whereas for high‐concentration LPS, quick and marked reduction in the microvasculature is observed. In addition, changes in capillaries are more significant than those in relatively large vessels. The results show that PAM is able to evaluate the inflammation mouse model by studying structural (and potentially functional) changes in the microcirculation. Furthermore, PAM may have potential for early intervention and treatment plan optimization of sepsis by monitoring the microcirculation and inflammatory response.      

Rectification ratio based determination of disulfide bonds of β2 extracellular loop of BK channel

Large-conductance Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ (BK) channels are composed of a pore-forming α and a variable number of auxiliary β subunits and play important roles in regulating excitability, action potential waveforms and firing patterns, particularly in neurons and endocrine and cardiovascular cells. The β2 subunits increase the diversity of gating and pharmacological properties. Its extracellular loop contains eight cysteine residues, which can pair to form a high-order structure, underlying the stability of the extracellular loop of β2 subunits and the functional effects on BK channels. However, how these cysteines form disulfide bonds still remains unclear. To address this, based on the fact that the rectification and association of BK α to β2 subunits are highly sensitive to disruption of the disulfide bonds in the extracellular loop of β2, we developed a rectification ratio based assay by combining the site-directed mutagenesis, electrophysiology and enzymatic cleavage. Three disulfide bonds: C1(C84)-C5(C113), C3(C101)-C7(C148) and C6(C142)-C8C(174) are successfully deduced in β2 subunit in complex with a BK α subunit, which are helpful to predict structural model of β2 subunits through computational simulation and to understand the interface between the extracellular domain of the β subunits and the pore-forming α subunit.     

Human Intestinal Allografts Contain Functional Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells that Are Maintained by a Circulating Pool

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The effects of different cold‐temperature regimes on development,growth, and susceptibility to an abiotic and biotic stressor

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Moderate grazing promotes the root biomass in Kobresia meadow on the northern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Grazing is an important modulator of both plant productivity and biodiversity in grassland community, yet how to determine a suitable grazing intensity in alpine grassland is still controversy. Here, we explore the effects of different grazing intensities on plant biomass and species composition, both at community level and functional group level, and examines the productivity–species richness relationship under four grazing patterns: no grazing (CK), light grazing (LG), moderate grazing, (MG) and heavy grazing (HG), attempt to determine a suitable grazing intensity in alpine grassland. The results were as follows. The total aboveground biomass (AGB) reduced with increasing grazing intensity, and the response of plant functional groups was different. AGB of both sedges and legumes increased from MG to HG, while the AGB of forbs reduced sharply and the grass AGB remained steady. There was a significant positive relationship between productivity and species richness both at community level and functional group level. In contrast, the belowground biomass (BGB) showed a unimodal relationship from CK to HG, peaking in MG (8,297.72 ± 621.29 g/m²). Interestingly, the grassland community tends to allocate more root biomass to the upper soil layer under increasing grazing intensities. Our results suggesting that moderate levels of disturbance may be the optimal grassland management strategy for alpine meadow in terms of root production.     

DHHC4 and DHHC5 Facilitate Fatty Acid Uptake by Palmitoylating and Targeting CD36 to the Plasma Membrane

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Derivation of Mouse Haploid Trophoblast Stem Cells

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Parabacteroides distasonis Alleviates Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunctions via Production of Succinate and Secondary Bile Acids

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Therapeutic applications of adipose-derived stromal vascular fractions in osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is considered to be a highly heterogeneous disease with progressive cartilage loss, subchondral bone remodeling, and low-grade inflammation. It is one of the world's leading causes of disability. Most conventional clinical treatments for OA are palliative drugs, which cannot fundamentally cure this disease. The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from adipose tissues is a heterogeneous cell population. According to previous studies, it contains a large number of mesenchymal stem cells, which have been used to treat OA with good therapeutic results. This safe, simple, and effective therapy is expected to be applied and promoted in the future. In this paper, the detailed pathogenesis, diagnosis, and current clinical treatments for OA are introduced. Then, clinical studies and the therapeutic mechanism of SVF for the treatment of OA are summarized.